What is formative assessment, and how does it differ from summative assessment?

• A. Formative evaluates learning at the end; summative guides instruction.
• B. Formative is ongoing to guide instruction; summative measures attitudes.
• C. Formative is standardized testing; summative is teacher observation.
• D. Formative is ongoing to guide instruction; summative evaluates learning at the end.

Answer: (D)